Dental disease: teeth, gums & warning signs

From plaque to periodontal disease

Plaque is a film of bacteria on teeth. It can mineralise into hard tartar, also called calculus. Gingivitis means inflamed gums. Periodontal disease affects the structures supporting teeth and can lead to gum recession, bone loss, infection and loose teeth. A clean-looking visible surface cannot rule out disease below the gum line.

Signs to notice

Persistent bad breath, red or bleeding gums, altered chewing, dropping food, drooling or pawing at the mouth merit a veterinary check. You may see gum recession, a loose adult tooth or facial swelling. Dogs can continue eating despite substantial oral pain; appetite alone is not a reliable dental-health test.

Look without forcing

When your dog is comfortable, gently lift the lip to observe the teeth and gums. Avoid forcing open a painful mouth or putting fingers between the teeth. Note when changes began and any trauma or hard chewing. An awake check has limits, so your vet may recommend a fuller examination under anaesthesia.

What to do next

Arrange assessment for ongoing bad breath or visible abnormalities and seek more prompt advice for swelling, marked pain or eating difficulty. Stop brushing sore areas pending advice. Do not try home scaling, extractions or human pain relief. Once disease is treated, agree a prevention plan and follow-up checks. Veterinary treatment explains what the procedure may involve.

Continue your care plan

Dental & Oral Health · Keeping my dog healthy · New symptoms: find the right next step

Evidence and review

General information, not diagnosis or an individual treatment plan. Sources include veterinary professional guidance, veterinary charities and relevant regional parasite organisations. Clinical recommendations need individual veterinary interpretation.

• PDSA: dental disease
• Cornell University: dental disease and home care
• PDSA: mouth pain

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