Cognitive & behavioural changes in older dogs

What cognitive dysfunction means

Canine cognitive dysfunction is an age-related disorder affecting brain function. Owners may notice disorientation, altered social interaction, disrupted sleep, loss of house training, changed activity or increasing anxiety. Repetitive pacing and seeming trapped in familiar places can occur. These signs do not establish a diagnosis.

Other causes need consideration

Pain, sight or hearing loss, urinary disease, medication effects and other medical problems can change behaviour. Tell your vet about new night waking, accidents indoors or withdrawal. Sudden confusion, seizures, collapse or marked imbalance needs urgent advice rather than being treated as gradual cognitive decline.

Prepare a useful diary

Note sleep and waking times, toileting, appetite, interactions and the circumstances of anxious episodes. Record medicines and supplements. A short safe video may help, but do not provoke the behaviour to capture it. Ask what examination or tests are needed to assess other causes.

Support a predictable day

Keep meals, toilet opportunities and rest broadly consistent. Offer gentle scent activities and familiar cues at a pace your dog enjoys. Avoid punishment for accidents or confusion. Provide a quiet resting area, reduce obstacles and consider night lighting. Your vet can discuss environmental changes, appropriate diets or medicines and how to judge response; there is no single cure or guaranteed supplement.

Continue your care plan

Senior & Ageing Dogs · Keeping my dog healthy · New symptoms: find the right next step

Evidence and review

General information, not diagnosis or an individual treatment plan. Sources include veterinary professional guidance, veterinary charities and relevant regional parasite organisations. Clinical recommendations need individual veterinary interpretation.

• AAHA: cognitive dysfunction and behavioural anxiety
• PDSA: canine cognitive dysfunction

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